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1.
Rev. invest. clín ; 59(1): 73-81, ene.-feb. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632393

ABSTRACT

Different perturbations during fetal and post natal development unleash endocrine adaptations that permanently alter metabolism, increasing the susceptibility to develop later disease, process known as "developmental programming"'. Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) are widely spread on the environment and display estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity; they are lypophilyc and stored for long periods on the adipose tissue. Maternal exposure to EDC during pregnancy and lactation produces the exposure of the fetus and neonate through placenta and breast milk. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated reproductive alterations as a consequence of intrauterine and/or neonatal exposure to EDC. Diethystilbestrol (DES) is the best documented compound, this synthetic estrogen was administered to pregnant women at the BO and 60 to prevent miscarriage. It was implicated in urogenital abnormalities in children exposed in utero and withdrawn from the market. The "DES daughters" are women with high incidence of vaginal hypoplasia, spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, uterine malformation, menstrual abnormalities and low fertility. The "DES sons" show testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which is characterized by hypospadias, cryptorchidism and low semen quality. This entity is also associated to the fetal exposure to anti-androgens as flutamide. The effects on the reproductive axis depend on the stage of development and the window of exposure, as well as the dose and the compound. The wide distribution of EDC into the environment affects both human health and ecosystems in general, the study of their mechanisms of action is extremely important currently.


Diversas perturbaciones durante el desarrollo fetal y posnatal desencadenan adaptaciones endocrinas que modifican permanentemente el metabolismo, incrementando la susceptibilidad para el desarrollo de enfermedades, proceso conocido como "programación durante el desarrollo". Los compuestos disruptores endocrinos (CDE) se encuentran en el medio ambiente y presentan actividad estrogénica, antiestrogénica o antiandrogénica; son altamente lipofílicos y se almacenan por periodos prolongados en el tejido adiposo. La exposición materna a CDE durante el embarazo y la lactancia permite su paso al producto a través de la placenta y la leche materna. Estudios epidemiológicos y experimentales han demostrado alteraciones en el eje reproductivo como consecuencia de la exposición intrauterina y/o neonatal a CDE. El compuesto mejor documentado es el dietilestilbestrol (DES), este estrógeno sintético fue administrado a mujeres embarazadas durante los 50s y 60s y retirado del mercado por su implicación en anormalidades urogenitales de los bebés expuestos in útero. Las denominadas "hijas del DES" son mujeres con alta incidencia de hipoplasia vaginal, malformaciones uterinas, irregularidades menstruales, baja fertilidad y alta prevalencia de aborto espontáneo y parto prematuro. Por su parte, "los hijos del DES" presentan una entidad clínica conocida como síndrome de disgenesia testicular caracterizado por hipospadias, criptorquidia y baja calidad del semen. Este síndrome también se asocia a la exposición fetal a compuestos antiandrogénicos como la ñutamida. Los efectos en el eje reproductivo dependen del estadio de desarrollo y del tiempo de exposición, así como de la dosis y el compuesto del que se trate. La extensa presencia de CDE en el ambiente afecta la salud humana e impacta al ecosistema en general por lo cual es de suma importancia el estudio de los mecanismos involucrados en su acción.


Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Rats , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology , Endocrine Disruptors/adverse effects , Genitalia/drug effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/epidemiology , Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects , Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology , Breast/embryology , Diethylstilbestrol/adverse effects , Diethylstilbestrol/pharmacology , Diethylstilbestrol/therapeutic use , Dioxins/adverse effects , Embryonic Development/drug effects , Endocrine Disruptors/pharmacology , Estrogen Antagonists/adverse effects , Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology , Estrogens/agonists , Feminization/chemically induced , Feminization/embryology , Genitalia/abnormalities , Genitalia/embryology , Hypothalamus/abnormalities , Hypothalamus/drug effects , Hypothalamus/embryology , Mammary Glands, Animal/embryology , Milk, Human/chemistry , Phthalic Acids/adverse effects , Phytoestrogens/adverse effects , Phytoestrogens/pharmacology , Phytoestrogens/therapeutic use , Virilism/chemically induced , Virilism/embryology
2.
Rev. chil. ultrason ; 3(2): 40-4, 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-274675

ABSTRACT

La polimastia (mama supernumeraria) y la politelia (pezones múltiples) son anomalías congénitas, localizadas a lo largo de las líneas mamarias embrionarias entre las axilas y los pliegues inguinales. Su frecuencia se estima en aproximadamente 2 por ciento de las mujeres. La politelia se diagnostica al nacimiento y frecuentemente se asocia con anomalías congénitas del tracto urogenital. La polimastia se manifiesta sólo bajo la influencia de las hormonas femeninas durante la pubertad o la lactancia. El tejido mamario ectópico sufre las mismas modificaciones patológicas que aparecen en mamas normalmente implantadas, incluyendo alteraciones benignas y malignas


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Breast Neoplasms , Breast/abnormalities , Nipples/abnormalities , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Breast/embryology , Choristoma , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Ultrasonography, Mammary
3.
Rev. ginecol. obstet ; 5(3): 109-18, jul. 1994. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-154819

ABSTRACT

As noted by Wang and Fentiman "Translocation of an individual from a normal group to the benign breast disease group depends to a large extent on the complaint threshold of the patient and the safety threshold of the surgeon. It is regrettable that many physicians casually make the diagnosis of "fibrocystic disease" simply on the basis of an physical examination and the finding of a nodular breast , often in a patient without any complain. Unfortunately, many of these patients are told that they are at a higher risk for breast cancer on the basis of this examination. Most patients do not have fibrocystic "disease" or fibrocystic changes-they have uncomfortable and lumpy breasts. For specific complaints such as mastodynia, nipple discharge, a dominant mass and mastitis, appropriate disgnostic studies and therapeutic regimens are available. As noted by Dent, "Normality is a more accurate and kinder diagnosis than telling patients that they have a disease which in turn they might learn from the lay and professional press could be malignant".


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Clinical Diagnosis , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/diagnosis , Signs and Symptoms , Breast/embryology , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/epidemiology , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/etiology , Menstrual Cycle/metabolism
4.
Säo Paulo; s.n; 1993. 97 p. ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-182603
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